Forward and Reverse Bias

Definition: A PN junction diode works in two modes depending on how the external voltage is applied: Forward Bias: Current flows easily. Reverse Bias: Current is almost...

PN Junction Diode

Definition: A PN junction diode is formed when a p-type semiconductor (rich in holes) is joined with an n-type semiconductor (rich in electrons). The junction...

Intrinsic & Extrinsic Semiconductors

Intrinsic Semiconductor Definition: An intrinsic semiconductor is a pure form of semiconductor material (like silicon or germanium) with no impurities. Its electrical conductivity comes only from...

Electrical Symbols on Floor Plans & Blueprints

Electrical plans, wiring diagrams, and installation layouts all rely on standardized symbols. Consistency ensures that electricians, inspectors, and contractors all “speak the same language.” Standardized symbols...

Symbols for Lighting Fixtures in Wiring Diagrams

Light fixture symbols help differentiate between types of lighting. Ceiling lights, for example, are often drawn as circles representing the light fixture itself. Solid...

Switch Symbols and Their Uses

Generic Switch Symbol It is the symbol of a generic switch in open condition. Closed switch It is a generic symbol for closed switch. a closed switch...

Must-Know Electrical Symbols for Electricians

Location Symbols for Installations Machine, general symbol* function etcLoad, general symbol* detailsMotor starter, general symbol* Indicates type etc.Socket-outlet, general symbol Twin Socket-outlet, general symbolSwitched socket-outlet Twin Switched...

Introduction to Common Electrical Symbols

Electrical symbols are universal representations used in diagrams and schematics to show electrical components and connections clearly. Power Supply Schematic Symbols SchematicSymbolSymbol IdentificationDescription of SymbolSingle CellA...

Importance of Earthing Rules in Installations

What is Earthing and Bonding? Earthing: Connects electrical systems to the ground, providing a safe path for fault currents. Prevents shocks by directing excess electricity...

Maximum Load Capacity Rules for Circuits

🔌 What is Electrical Capacity? Electrical capacity = maximum electricity a circuit, panel, or generator can handle safely. Measured in Amperes (Amps). Exceeding capacity → risk of...

Rules for Installing Switches and Sockets

General Rules All plugs and socket outlets must be 3-pin type. Provide an adequate number of sockets in each room. In sub-power circuits: Use only 3-pin, 16A sockets. Each...

Electrical Wiring Color Codes and Standards

IEC (most of Europe) AC power circuit wiring color codes FunctionlabelColor, IECColor, old IECProtective earthPEgreen-yellowgreen-yellowNeutralNblueblueLine, single phaseLbrownbrown or blackLine, 3-phaseL1brownbrown or blackLine, 3-phaseL2blackbrown or blackLine,...

National Electrical Code (NEC) Basics Every Electrician Should Know

What is the NEC? The National Electrical Code (NEC) sets the standard for safe electrical wiring and equipment installation in the U.S. Published by the National...

How to Prevent Electrical Shocks on the Job Site

Electrocution is one of the most serious hazards at work. Following simple precautions can greatly reduce the risk. 🔧 1. Use the Right Equipment Choose double-insulated...

Safe Handling of Live Wires and Circuits

⚡ Safe Handling of Live Wires and Circuits 🔎 Hazards of Improper Handling Electrical Shock – direct contact with live wires. Fire Risk – overloaded/damaged wires can...

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